Water supply and sanitation in Dhaka City.

km2 area and provides residence for about 7 Million people. The city is highly potential for the economic and infrastructural development. Similar to other developing regions, this city also lacks many essential needs. Among others, water supply and sanitation are of great concern. Ground water is the main source of potable water supply to the city. Although many rivers passes through the city and the surrounding areas, due to lack of fund, surface water treatment facilities could not be constructed. As such, the city relies on the naturally purified groundwater. The city is served by combination of separate and combined sewer system; again, which is not adequate for the city. Lack of proper operation and maintenance make the sewer system inefficient. Most of the rain events cause localised flooding due to blocked and inadequate sewer systems. The only centralised municipal wastewater treatment facility located at Pagla is unable to cope with the amount of wastewater received by the plant. Although the city is developing rapidly for the housing, roads and industries, the infrastructure facilities related to the water supply and sanitation are not given due attention; mainly due to lack of financial support. As a result, the rivers are heavily polluted due to municipal and industrial waste discharges. Recently, the historical Buriganga River is cleaned by removing the contaminated sediments. However, if proper wastewater treatment infrastructures are not built and operated properly the river water quality will remain unacceptable. This poster paper is intended to draw attention of the international donor agencies to look into the water supply and sanitation status of the most densely populated Mega City of the world. It is realised that there should be proper strategic plan, legislative setup and allocation of adequate fund to properly design, build and operate the facilities related to water supply and sanitation

3 tera-basepairs as a fundamental limit for robust DNA replication

10 p.-2 tab.In order to maintain functional robustness and species integrity, organisms must ensure high fidelity of the genome duplication process. This is particularly true during early development, where cell division is often occurring both rapidly and coherently. By studying the extreme limits of suppressing DNA replication failure due to double fork stall errors, we uncover a fundamental constant that describes a trade-off between genome size and architectural complexity of the developing organism. This constant has the approximate value N_U ≈ 3×10^12 basepairs, and depends only on two highly conserved molecular properties of DNA biology. We show that our theory is successful in interpreting a diverse range of data across the Eukaryota.MAM, LA and TJN acknowledge prior support from the Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance. JJB acknowledges support from Cancer Research UK (grant C303/A14301) and the Wellcome Trust (grant WT096598MA). TJN acknowledges prior support from the National Institutes of Health (Physical Sciences in Oncology Centers, U54 CA143682).Peer reviewe

Digital Paradigm in Medical Libraries of Bangladesh with Special Reference to icddr,b Library: Key Observations and Future Directions

Medical libraries are facing new challenges and opportunities due to dynamic changes in the digital era for offering excellent services to health scientists and professionals. The usage of information and communication technology (ICT) has become increasingly important in various fields, including the healthcare industry. Medical libraries, in particular, have also witnessed a significant transformation in terms of their functions and services due to the adoption of the digital revolution. This article aims to investigate the usage of ICT in the selected medical libraries in Bangladesh, with a special reference to the icddr,b Library. In this connection, a comparative study is made based on six major medical libraries of Bangladesh. These libraries are compared in terms of ICT use for providing library services through library websites. Collected data are analyzed in quantitative as well as qualitative methods to explore better results. Results are shown in the form of tables and figures. This paper gives a snapshot of ICT use in medical libraries of Bangladesh

Does Managerial ability matter for the choice of Seasoned Equity offerings?

We provide evidence that managerial ability is positively and significantly related to the issuance method decision of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) in the U.S. market. Our result is robust after controlling for various internal and external governance mechanisms, addressing the problem of endogeneity, and adopting a number of alternative specifications. We further find that the impact of managerial ability on the SEO issuance choice is stronger for firms with higher information asymmetry, CEO duality and weaker governance settings. Overall, our study supports the notion that higher managerial ability is perceived as a positive quality certification on firm information environments

Joule Heating Effect on the Coupling of Conduction with Magnetohydrodynamic Free Convection Flow from a Vertical Flat Plate

The present work describes the effect of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate with Joule heating and heat conduction. The governing boundary layer equations are first transformed into a non-dimensional form and resulting nonlinear system of partial differential equations are then solved numerically by using the implicit finite difference method with Keller box scheme. The results of the skin friction co-efficient, the surface temperature distribution, the velocity and the temperature profiles over the whole boundary layer are shown graphically for different values of the Prandtl number Pr (Pr = 1.74, 1.00, 0.72, 0.50, 0.10), the magnetic parameter M (M = 1.40, 0.90, 0.50, 0.10) and the Joule heating parameter J (J = 0.90, 0.70, 0.40, 0.20). Numerical values of the skin friction coefficients and surface temperature distributions for different values of Joule heating parameter have been presented in tabular form

Perception of muslim consumers towards tax deduction through Zakat in malaysia: an empirical investigation on muslims in Malaysia

The aim of this study is to explore the factors which are affecting Muslim consumers‟ perception towards tax deduction through zakat in Malaysia. A conceptual framework was drawn based on the literature. Six factors were extracted through principal component analysis and SEM was run to test the hypotheses. This research found that halal-haram aspect of Islamic Shariah has a very positive influence on Muslim consumers‟ perception towards the tax rebate system. In addition, legal consciousness and knowledge about tax and zakat have positive significant impact on Muslim consumers‟ perceptions towards this system. Due to the limited literature available on this subject matter, this study offers unique findings that may help in capitalizing the practices in Muslim countries and to understand their consumers‟ perception regarding the tax deduction system. In conclusion zakat institutions in Malaysia will also be better benefitted through this research finding. Keywords: Muslim Consumer, Perception, Tax deduction through Zaka

Urban runoff quantity and quality control – Malaysian perspective.

continued to increase at the urban areas in Malaysia. Such deteriorating trend was linked to increased land conversion activities, rapid disposal concept of drainage systems, main target on the control of point pollution sources (municipal and industrial wastewater) only, illicit connections and discharge of untreated sullage (grey-water) to the drainage systems. Realizing the limitations of the past efforts, various initiatives are taken in the recent pasts to improve the flood mitigation measures and river water quality throughout the country. Quantity and quality control of urban runoff is one of the most significant initiatives taken by the government of Malaysia. The significance of urban runoff quantity and quality control is gaining recognition throughout the country since the endorsement of Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (USMMM), which was mandated in June 2000 by the Ministry Cabinet. It is now being applied for urban land development approval. The Manual consists of detailed engineering procedures and guidelines for runoff quantity control and treatment of non-point (diffuse) source pollutants. Receiving response from various stake-holders during the last 10 years, the government has taken another initiative to further improve the USMMM and prepare Standard Books for the legal enforcement of the runoff quantity and quality control. Such initiative by the government is highly expected to assist regulatory authorities and practitioners to reduce urban runoff related problems (flash flood and diffuse pollution) from the municipalities and help achieve the target of improved in river water quality nationwide. Various types of structural and non-structural best management practices (BMPs) are proposed in the manual. All stakeholders are working together to adopt the BMPs recommended in the USMMM. Lack of nationwide data on runoff quality from various landuses and local performance data of the structural best management practices (BMPs), are the main constraints the authorities are focusing on. The initiatives taken by the government of Malaysia can be a model for other developing nations in controlling runoff quantity and quality from urban areas. This paper briefly overviews the background of the urban runoff (both quantity and quality) management practices highlighting the issues regarding its implementation and improvement

Adoption and Usage of Web-based Library Resources and Services: an Investigation of icddr,b Library in Bangladesh

Purpose – The core purpose of this study is to explore the web-based library services available in icddr,b Library. In addition, this research aims to investigate the adoption and utilisation of subscribed, registered and open access e-resources by the scientists and researchers at icddr,b Library. The existing facilities that influenced smooth usage of web-based information services of icddr,b library have been assessed. The study involved scientists and researchers of icddr,b. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a mixed-method research design using case study approach. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. An online survey was conducted in June 2017 to ascertain the present status of web-based library facilities and services of icddr,b library. The online survey questionnaire link was distributed through “Google Forms” directed to the most potential researchers (557) of icddr,b. Findings – The findings revealed that participants were moderately aware of the library subscribed and registered e-resources. The study also explored key challenges hindering effective usage of the databases in the library. It discovered that lack of awareness of the databases, low speed internet connectivity, inadequate online databases and lack of skills in searching the databases. Suggestions were also made on the way forward in combating these challenges. The study also indicated that e-resources are very useful to researchers, PubMed and Hinari are the most used databases. Furthermore, it was strongly recommended that the library should market and explore more online resources to attract more users and to do more effective research at icddr,b. Study Limitations: The present study is confined to the current status and trend of using e-resources used by the researchers of icddr,b. The study highlights on the types of web-based resources and services available in icddr,b Library and a small number of samples (213) are covered in this study. Practical implications: Many years later, the icddr,b library will receive a greater impact than present in terms of facilities and services. Other libraries in Bangladesh will also be motivated to develop Intranet site and provide library services through Intranet in respective organization. Ultimately, new system of libraries will be developed and users will be benefited using this new system. Social implications: Library community and others society of Bangladesh will be benefited in reading and using this article. Originality/value – Many papers have been written on electronic resources, but this study specifically focused on subscribed, open access and registered online resources, and it is the first time that an investigation has been made on the use of electronic resources by library users in icddr,b library. The results of the study could be useful for icddr,b Library and other medical libraries in Bangladesh in ensuring that there is a high use of web-based library facilities and services. So that other libraries in Bangladesh will be inspired and encouraged to introduce digital tool facilities and services in libraries of Bangladesh

Detection of crystal structure of chemically-deposited copper selenide thin films

A low cost Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) system has been developed in our laboratory for the preparation of copper selenide thin film. Good quality thin films of smooth surface of copper selenide thin films of compositions Cu2-xSe (x = 0.1–0.5) and Cu3Se2 were deposited using sodium selenosulfate as a source of selenide ions. Crystal structure of copper selenide (Cu1.8Se and Cu3Se2) thin films has been identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. When the film is annealed at 250ºC in air, the phases of Cu1.8Se and Cu3Se2 become crystalline, with structures of cubic (berzelianite) and tetragonal, respectively, whereas the as-deposited film was found to be disorder. The crystallinity is very low in as-deposited samples, which improves on annealing in air at 250ºC. The grain size of the as-deposited samples was very small, which was increased about 30% owing to annealing in air at 250ºC.Author Affiliation: Al-Mamun, S H Firoz and A B M O Islam 1.Department of Physics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 2.Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh E-mail : [email protected] of Physics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 2.Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka-1205, Banglades